There were 18 female volunteers with mean age 57, SD 11, and 14 male volunteers with mean age 59, SD 13 (see Figure 1). Healthy volunteers ( n = 32) were recruited and invited to Bernhoven Hospital (Uden, The Netherlands) for two sessions at least 1 week apart. A decreased granularity thereby corresponds with a higher activation state of neutrophils. To that end, we measure granularity of neutrophils in blood samples taken just before and immediately after the session. The goal of this research is to establish that neutrophils are activated in humans in vivo by the selected LF-EMF exposure.
The CBT signal is described in Bouwens et al. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was increased in freshly harvested monocytes, and NETosis was increased in neutrophilic granulocytes in human blood. It has also shown that the effect is uniformly present between 0.15 and 50 µT while reducing to zero below 0.01 µT. Previous work has shown that a 30 min 5 µT exposure with a low-frequency electromagnetic field (LF-EMF) compound block type (CBT) signal can decrease mortality and tissue damage in animals with infections, and increase vitality. Moderate neutrophilia and controlled levels of NETosis are able to regulate the majority of pulmonary infections. Balancing of antiviral responses in the lung is critical for managing the efficient clearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, while limiting tissue damage and avoiding compromising the lungs' ability to perform gas exchange. The extent of neutrophil degranulation must be carefully balanced against the potential harm caused by the pathogen as the dysregulated release of proteolytic enzymes by neutrophils can degrade the extracellular matrix, contributing to immunopathology. ĭegranulation, the secretion of neutrophil granules, is a critical effector function of neutrophils initiated early during neutrophil recruitment. A decreased availability and a reduced functional competence of neutrophils have been associated with a decreased immunocompetence and an increased susceptibility to infection. These organs are normally lined by neutrophils, which help prevent the entry of organisms or foreign particles. In addition to recruiting and activating other cells of the immune system, neutrophils are essential to the host defense against invading pathogens and fight constantly against different infections and toxic agents that enter via the skin, the respiratory, intestinal, urinary, and reproductive system, and the membranes of the eyes.
Neutrophils have three methods for directly attacking micro-organisms: phagocytosis (ingestion), degranulation (release of soluble anti-microbials and cytokines), and generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis).
Subsequently, neutrophils express and release cytokines, which in turn amplify inflammatory reactions by several other cell types and are therefore key in the front-line defense against invading pathogens. Neutrophils are recruited to the site of injury as early as within 15–30 min, and fully cover the affected area within approximately 4 h. As such, the activation state and speed of response of neutrophils have a big influence on reducing incubation time and the delay of the immune response to a new infection and thereby on the maximum size and extent (and damage caused) that the infection can attain.īeing highly motile, neutrophils quickly congregate at a focus of infection, attracted by cytokines and chemokines expressed by activated other cells (endothelium, mast cells, and macrophages). An important recently discovered function is that neutrophils are able to activate and facilitate the response to an infection by other more specialized immune cells, and thereby connect the innate to the adaptive immune system. Neutrophils display phenotypic and functional heterogeneity and regulate antimicrobial function and the innate immune response.
Neutrophils crucially provide early innate immune responses against a range of extracellular and intracellular bacteria but also control certain viral and fungal infections. They are first responders to a new infection. Neutrophilic granulocytes are the most numerous white blood cells in humans (~2 billion in the bloodstream and 8–50 billion in tissue).
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